Beyond the Umbrella: Evaluating France’s ‘Forward Deterrence’ and European Nuclear Autonomy
Macron’s Shift: A Limited Step Towards Strategic Independence, Not Full Autonomy Overview Recent developments in French nuclear doctrine, particularly President Macron’s articulation of ‘forward deterrence’, alongside the 2025 Northwood Declaration with the United Kingdom, have prompted renewed discussion about a potential European nuclear deterrent independent of the United States. This analysis assesses the feasibility of […]